Climate & Environment

Curbing climate change would also reduce harmful air pollutants, saving millions of lives

Yvaine Ye — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 17:14:03 +0000

Curbing climate change would also reduce harmful air pollutants, saving millions of lives Yvaine Ye Tue, 12/09/2025 - 10:14

Yvaine Ye

If nations reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, they could slow climate change. Those actions would also have the added benefit of saving over two million lives globally that might be lost because of harmful air pollutants by 2050, according to preliminary data in new CU ��ý�� research.

The findings come from an ongoing study led by Patrick Wiecko, a doctoral student in the Environmental Engineering Program. He will present the data at the American Geophysical Union annual conference (AGU25) in New Orleans on Dec. 18. The results have not been peer-reviewed.

Patrick Wiecko

Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), and ozone are among the main components of the smog that often shrouds urban skies. These pollutants can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, leading to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, asthma and premature death.

Globally, chronic exposure to these air pollutants kills more than seven million people each year, including 150,000 in the United States.

These numbers could rise or fall depending on how nations choose to curb emissions over the next few decades, Wiecko said. The same sources that emit greenhouse gases, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and factories, are also major contributors of air pollutants.

Wiecko and his team analyzed how the number of deaths associated with air pollution would change under three different global emission scenarios: one in which nations cooperate on the global stage to drastically reduce their emissions, one that maintains “business as usual” emissions, and one in which nations ramp up emissions without considering their global impacts.

Using a computer program, the researchers simulated how emitted pollutants move and react in the atmosphere, considering meteorological factors such as wind, temperature, sunlight and humidity.

The researchers paired those projections with global health data to estimate how shifts in air quality under the three scenarios could affect premature deaths by 2050.

Their model showed that in 2019, PM 2.5 was responsible for 4.3 million deaths worldwide, ozone for 880,000 and nitrogen dioxide for 2 million. If the world makes significant efforts toward reducing emissions and developing green technologies by 2050, it could save 2.7 million lives globally, including 86,000 in the United States and 1.1 million in China.

“Countries like China that have made huge progress in shifting away from fossil fuels—by electrifying their vehicle fleets, for example—could see substantial health benefits,” Wiecko said.

But if the world backtracks its coordinated climate efforts and fails to keep warming below 1.5°C, some nations might see more deaths from air pollution. In India, for example, 65,000 more people would die from deteriorating air quality.

Click here to see what else CU ��ý�� experts are presenting at AGU 2025.

Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, countries have pledged to reduce emissions and limit global warming to 1.5°C (2.7°F) above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century to avert the worst impacts of climate change. But the latest projection shows the global average temperature is likely to rise by 2.5 to 2.9°C if countries stick to current policies.

Because air pollution crosses borders, the team also examined how many deaths each nation could prevent by cutting emissions, both at home and abroad. Under the low-emission scenario, for example, the United States could see 86,000 fewer deaths. Domestic efforts account for 72,000 of those saved lives, while the remaining 14,000 depend on pollution-cutting measures implemented by neighboring countries.

“A lot of the costs of emissions are felt elsewhere,” Wiecko said.

He added that air pollution not only damages lungs, but also harms crops and ecosystems.

“It’s going to impact other parts of our society, like crop failure stemming from higher ozone concentrations,” Wiecko said. “Even if we don’t always see it or feel it, we’re all connected by the air we share, and we all have a role in cleaning it up.”

Beyond the story

Our sustainability impact by the numbers:

First student-run campus environmental center in the U.S.
No. 11 university for environmental and social impact in the U.S.
First zero-waste major sports stadium in the U.S.

Follow CU ��ý�� on LinkedIn

A preliminary study shows that reducing greenhouse gas emissions could also prevent people from dying prematurely from respiratory diseases and other health conditions that come from air pollution.

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Smoke is coming out of the chimneys in an industrial area. (Credit: Intel Core i9 12900K/Pexels)

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Smoke is coming out of the chimneys in an industrial area. (Credit: Intel Core i9 12900K/Pexels)

Wind tunnel research could help predict how wildfires spread

Amber Carlson — Fri, 05 Dec 2025 16:02:24 +0000

Wind tunnel research could help predict how wildfires spread Amber Carlson Fri, 12/05/2025 - 09:02

Amber Carlson , Nicholas Goda

In a windowless, warehouse-sized lab on campus, a team of CU ��ý�� researchers huddle around two wind tunnels—long metal tubes that blow air currents at controlled speeds.

Laura Shannon, a graduate student in CU’s Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, turns a dial, releasing a hiss of gas that quickly ignites a burner inside one tunnel.

The crew turns out the overhead lights. The fire, glowing blue and yellow through a window in the tube, is the only light to be found. Shannon turns on the air current, speeding it up and slowing it down, and the flames flicker and sway wildly.

The researchers are using the wind tunnels to study wildfire behavior. For nearly a decade, the team has been delving into the hundreds of factors that can affect the way wildfire starts, moves and spreads, as well as the damage it causes.

Ultimately, the team has an ambitious goal: to build computational tools that can predict how wildfire will behave. They envision a day when, shortly after a fire starts, firefighters can plug in details about it and learn where—and how quickly—it could spread. The tools could help keep communities safer in a world where climate-driven wildfire is becoming more common—and more dangerous.

“Being able to have more accurate, better predictors of fires is extremely important to protecting people, lives and property,” said Shannon. “The more accurate we can make our simulations in the long run, the safer we can keep wildfires.”

The research team also brings a unique, interdisciplinary approach to studying wildfire, blending ideas and technology from mechanical and aerospace engineering.

“This research was driven by recognizing that there was a gap. There were these really advanced aerodynamics and sensing tools that had not been used in this field yet,” said Greg Rieker, a research team member and professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Teasing apart the elements of wildfire

Wildfire behavior is complex and hard to predict because there are so many variables—like wind, rain, humidity, fuel and topography—to consider. The researchers have been methodically isolating and studying these variables to understand more about how fire behaves under different conditions.

The team is using wind tunnels to better understand basics like how fire moves, its shape and structure, and how it transfers heat downstream. They’re also looking at the impact of ground slope on fire spread, using a tunnel that can tilt at an angle.

“The idea is to model the influence of ground slope to think about wildfires climbing hills versus descending. You have different physics and different dynamics,” said John Farnsworth, a team member and associate professor in CU’s Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences.

The team is also exploring how embers form and spread. Wind can carry these burning pieces of wood or debris miles away from a fire, sparking additional blazes. Embers were likely a major driver of the December 2021 Marshall Fire and the October 2020 East Troublesome Fire, which spread from Grand Lake to Estes Park overnight due to blowing embers.

A large smoke plume from the 2020 East Troublesome Fire in Grand and Larimer counties. Wind helped push the fire across the Continental Divide from Grand Lake to Estes Park, prompting massive evacuations. (Source: BLM)

In a study that has not yet been published, former mechanical engineering graduate student Charlie Callahan set one-millimeter wooden discs on fire to create embers, then dropped them into a wind tunnel and took a high-speed thermal video of the embers moving through the tunnel.

“Larger firebrands can travel long distances and start a fire a mile away, which causes fire spread. But also, small firebrands can change the rate of fire spreading over short distances,” Callahan said. “There hadn't been too many studies on looking at this specific size of firebrand.”

The study found that the embers, or firebrands, fluctuated rapidly in temperature—by hundreds of degrees—as they traveled through the tunnel. And the fluctuations happened more frequently in embers that were traveling at faster speeds compared to the wind speed. The faster they moved, the hotter they got.

Callahan and the other researchers plan to continue studying firebrands to understand more about the significance of these temperature changes and how they affect fire spread.

Looking forward

The researchers say it’s still extremely difficult for firefighters to predict how fires behave and spread, especially in areas with variable terrain and wind conditions. Fires such as the Marshall Fire and the East Troublesome Fire can spread more quickly and erratically than expected.

Scientists believe wildfire will likely become an even more significant threat as climate change progresses, temperatures rise and drought conditions persist in many areas. When fires happen, it’s crucial to be able to understand and predict how they’ll behave.

The work is particularly urgent for communities in the wildland-urban interface that border on wilderness and are more vulnerable to wildfire. The researchers hope their predictive tools might help improve evacuation plans and enhance firefighting approaches.

Peter Hamlington, a professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering and the principal investigator behind this research, noted the impacts of wildfire extend beyond direct burn damage, and smoke from the fires can also travel long distances and negatively affect human health.

“A better understanding of the causes and dynamics of wildland fires will help us develop new computational tools for predicting the occurrence of fires and mitigating their most devastating effects,” Hamlington said.

“Ultimately, our project is focused on the development of more accurate and reliable predictive tools that can be used by those seeking to understand and reduce fire risk.”

Beyond the Story

Our research impact by the numbers:

$742 million in research funding earned in 2023–24
No. 5 U.S. university for startup creation
$1.4 billion impact of CU ��ý��'s research activities on the Colorado economy in 2023–24

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CU researchers are setting fires inside wind tunnels to gain a better understanding of how fire spreads across different terrain.

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Scientists predict sea change in Arctic ecosystems by century's end

Megan M Rogers — Mon, 24 Nov 2025 19:35:29 +0000

Scientists predict sea change in Arctic ecosystems by century's end Megan M Rogers Mon, 11/24/2025 - 12:35

INSTAAR

A team, led by INSTAAR's Courtney Payne, used a powerful methodology to predict outcomes for life in the Arctic Ocean in the year 2100. The results show disrupted phytoplankton blooms, which will ripple throughout the ecosystem.

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A window underground: New sensors measure emissions from soil in real time

Daniel William Strain — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 21:33:24 +0000

A window underground: New sensors measure emissions from soil in real time Daniel William… Thu, 11/20/2025 - 14:33

Daniel Strain , Nicholas Goda

Credit: Adobe Stock

Dirt. For millennia, the dark, rich soil underlying farms and gardens worldwide has been central to human survival.

It’s also a lot more complex than it looks.

Within every clump of soil lies an intricate network of bacteria and other microbes that humans depend on for a wide range of reasons. Among other roles, these microorganisms pull elements like nitrogen from the environment and convert them into nutrients that plants need to grow.

But the intricacies of this cycle, which can shift from hour to hour and from location to location, have been devilishly hard for scientists to measure.

“It’s a challenging place to put electronics,” said Nicole Luna, a graduate student studying mechanical engineering at CU ��ý��.

She’s a member of a team trying to address that by making reliable, inexpensive and easy-to-deploy sensors that monitor soil in real time as it, essentially, breathes in and out. Those data could help farmers optimize their use of fertilizers, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving money in the process.

“We all eat,” said Gregory Whiting, an associate professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering who heads up the CU ��ý�� team. “So it’s really important that food is produced in a way that will let us keep doing it for a long time.”

The effort is part of a $2 million project, led by the University of California Berkeley, to confront a persistent challenge in agriculture: nitrous oxide emissions from soil.

Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that can trap about 265 times more heat in the atmosphere by weight than carbon dioxide. Agricultural soils, through the activity of those hidden bacteria, dump more of this gas into the air than any other human source.

Researchers at CU ��ý�� and UC Berkeley are developing new suites of sensors to accurately estimate the nitrous oxide emissions from soil—in real time and for a fraction of the cost of existing tools. The group hopes that farmers could one day install these sensors across entire fields.

Out of balance

The project dovetails with Luna’s long-lasting love for green and growing things.

As a high school student growing up in the Los Angeles area, Luna competed in plant identification events hosted by the National Junior Horticultural Association. She and her fellow contestants named common horticultural plants from a few bits and pieces: Could they identify an elderberry tree by its flowers, for example, or the seeds of a persimmon?

A researcher in Gregory Whiting's lab lowers a soil sensor into the dirt. (Credit: BEEM Lab)

In 2015, Luna attended the organization’s national competition and placed first.

It’s a passion she brought with her when she moved to Colorado.

“When I moved here, the first thing I did was buy a book on native plants,” she said.

The world’s commercial plants, Luna added, from corn and soybeans to coffee and bananas, depend on soil that exists in a delicate balance.

To improve crop yields, farmers add fertilizers to their soils, usually in synthetic forms. But plants can only use so much of that fertilizer, and the rest goes to waste.

It carries a toll: Excess nitrogen can pollute waterways and escape into the air as nitrous oxide—sometimes known in dentist offices as laughing gas.

It also costs farmers a ton of money. According to estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, fertilizer use may make up more than 40% of the operating costs for corn and wheat growers. In 2024 alone, the nation imported nearly $4 billion in fertilizers from overseas.

“We need to produce a lot more food than humans ever have before because we have a growing population,” said Taylor Sharpe, a postdoctoral researcher in Whiting’s lab. “So it’s an issue of optimizing our agriculture.”

There’s just one big problem: Scientists have long struggled to measure nitrous oxide emissions from soils in real time, said Whendee Silver, a biogeochemist at UC Berkeley. She leads the nitrous oxide project, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E).

“When microbes get the perfect storm of conditions, they’ll produce a lot of nitrous oxide. It can happen over the course of a few hours to a couple of days,” she said. “If you’re not making measurements often enough, it’s very easy to miss those hot moments.”

Traditionally, Silver’s lab has recorded nitrous oxide emissions from soil in real time using high-tech sensors called cavity ring-down spectrometers and six to 21 automated chambers. But these systems cost over $100,000 each, and the team uses at least two of them to monitor a single acre of land.

Which is where Whiting’s lab comes into the picture.

Gregory Whiting

Nicole Luna

Taylor Sharpe

Exploring a new world

Imagine an ordinary corn field where dozens of small sensors are buried underground. The sensors monitor the soil as it breathes on an hour-by-hour basis, circulating nitrogen through the environment.

To make that vision a reality, Whiting and his team have turned to an unlikely technology: screen printing, like the machines that people have used for decades to print graphics on T-shirts.

Luna explained that the group uses an advanced version of those machines to lay down specially formulated inks to make electronic sensors. These inks are tuned in just the right way so that they respond to changing conditions in soil.

Taylor Sharpe works on soil sensors in the field. (Credit: BEEM Lab)

The team’s sensors, which are shaped like a roll of quarters, don’t measure nitrous oxide directly. Instead, they measure multiple other features of soil, including temperature, moisture and oxygen levels. Previous research from Silver’s lab showed that those features help to drive nitrous emission emissions. The researchers can then use those measurements to calculate a rough estimate for emissions.

These sensors, in other words, provide a window to the mysterious realm underground.

“We can use these sensors to get real feedback from the field on how much nitrogen is being emitted as nitrous oxide, and give the farmers an idea of how much they should be fertilizing and watering,” Luna said.

The researchers also have a target of producing these sensors for just $10 a pop.

“We’re getting to the point where we have the tools, finally, to be able to measure microbial processes at the scale where they’re actually occurring,” Silver said. “There’s been a whole world that we haven’t been able to explore.”

This fall, her team at UC Berkeley buried CU ��ý��’s sensors in a working corn farm in California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. They will monitor the sensors over the growing season to validate the readings they collect.

Whiting and his colleagues, meanwhile, are working to commercialize their sensor technology through a startup company called Tierra Metrics.

For Luna, the project as a chance to use her engineering skills to help people and the planet.

“I really care about the environment and our food supply, and this is a way that I can use my engineering skills to benefit the society at large,” she said.

Beyond the story

Our sustainability impact by the numbers:

First student-run campus environmental center in the U.S.
No. 11 university for environmental and social impact in the U.S.
First zero-waste major sports stadium in the U.S.

Follow CU ��ý�� on LinkedIn

Engineers at CU ��ý�� are developing new sensors that could one day help save farmers money, while reducing the environmental toll of agriculture.

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New pika research finds troubling signs for the iconic Rocky Mountain animal

Daniel William Strain — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 22:49:33 +0000

New pika research finds troubling signs for the iconic Rocky Mountain animal Daniel William… Tue, 11/18/2025 - 15:49

Daniel Strain

American pika (Ochotona princeps). (Credit: Steve Torbit/USFWS)

A new study led by the CU ��ý�� carries a warning for one of the Rocky Mountains’ most iconic animals—the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a small and fuzzy creature that often greets hikers in Colorado with loud squeaks.

The study draws on long-running surveys of pikas living in a single habitat about 10 miles south of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado.

The researchers discovered that the “recruitment “of juveniles to this site seems to have plummeted since the 1980s. In other words, these populations are becoming dominated by older adults, with fewer juvenile pikas being born, or migrating in, to take their place.

The group published its findings recently in the journal “Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research.”

An American pika in Yellowstone National Park. (Credit: Adobe Stock)

Chris Ray makes notes during a survey of pikas in Colorado's Indian Peaks Wilderness. (Credit: Gabe Allen/INSTAAR)

Graduate student Rachel Mae Billings releases a pika after collecting data in Colorado's Indian Peaks Wilderness. (Credit: Gabe Allen/INSTAAR)

“It’s a fun encounter when you’re hiking on a trail in the Rockies and a pika yells at you,” said Chris Ray, lead author of the study and a research associate at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) at CU ��ý��. “If you don’t have that anymore, your experience in the wild is degraded.”

She added that scientists have long predicted that climate change might threaten pikas in the American West.

One 2015 study predicted that pikas could disappear entirely from Rocky Mountain National Park by the end of the century.

Ray and her colleagues can’t yet pinpoint the reason pika recruitment may be declining at this one site. But summers have been growing warmer at sites in the Rocky Mountains—a concerning bellwether for ecosystems that humans depend on.

“The habitats where pikas live are our water tower,” Ray said. “The permafrost, or seasonal ice, that’s underground here melts later in the summer and helps replenish our water supplies at a time when reservoirs are draining.”

Rock piles

The research takes a close look at the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site north of Nederland, Colorado.

Niwot Ridge is home to sweeping tundra meadows and steep hillsides dotted with boulders. It’s also home to pikas. These animals have round ears and are about the size of rats, although they’re more closely related to rabbits and hares.

From 1981 to 1990, Charles Southwick, a former professor at CU ��ý��, set out to follow the pika populations at Niwot Ridge. His team trapped and tagged pikas, which tend to stick close to taluses, or piles of rocks.

Ray has studied these animals in the American West, from Montana south to Colorado, for more than 35 years.

At Niwot Ridge, she took up Southwick’s mantle by using similar methods to survey pikas at this location in 2004 and from 2008 to 2020. The team takes rigorous precautions to ensure the health and safety of the animals.

“Pikas are useful as a study system because they're so visible and conspicuous, and they’re one way to get a handle on what changes are happening in alpine ecosystems,” Ray said.

In the current study, she and Jasmine Vidrio, a former undergraduate at CU ��ý��, compared their findings to what Southwick saw decades earlier.

The results were disturbing.

Quiet hillsides

Based on the researchers' calculations, the proportion of pikas they trapped that were juveniles fell by roughly 50% from the 1980s to today—suggesting that younger pikas could be growing rarer on Niwot Ridge.

Ray explained that pikas may be especially vulnerable to climate change, in large part because they can only survive in a narrow range of temperatures.

“Pikas don’t pant like a dog. They don’t sweat,” she said. “The only way they can release their metabolic heat is to get into a nice, cool space and just let it dissipate.”

The researchers can’t conclusively link the possible decline of pikas on Niwot Ridge to warming temperatures. They also aren’t sure how widespread this trend is in the West.

But Ray noted that her results support previous predictions that juvenile pikas may have trouble migrating through the Rockies as temperatures continue to warm. To cross from one mountain habitat to another, pikas first have to climb down in elevation, facing hot conditions in the process.

She recalls one pika she encountered at the start of her career in the 1990s. She nicknamed the male Mr. Mustard because he had yellow tags on his ears.

“He was an adult when I trapped him, and he lived for nine more years,” Ray said. “I don’t see that anymore, so I do think things are changing.”

Pikas, which often greet hikers in the Rocky Mountains with loud squeaks, have long been a favorite of visitors to Colorado. A new study suggests that warming temperatures may already be taking a toll on these little animals.

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Identity, not guilt, may be the key to lasting environmental action

Megan M Rogers — Mon, 10 Nov 2025 20:19:14 +0000

Identity, not guilt, may be the key to lasting environmental action Megan M Rogers Mon, 11/10/2025 - 13:19

New research co-authored by CU ��ý�� shows, when it comes to green behavior, messages that emphasize being an environmental person, instead of guilt, lead to greater environmental behavior choices in the future.

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Students learning dam good lessons from nature's busy builders

Megan M Rogers — Mon, 10 Nov 2025 20:04:19 +0000

Students learning dam good lessons from nature's busy builders Megan M Rogers Mon, 11/10/2025 - 13:04

In a capstone project partnership with the ��ý�� Watershed Collective, Masters of the Environment students learn what it means to live alongside beavers.

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Billions live in environments that violate human rights

Yvaine Ye — Thu, 06 Nov 2025 16:02:04 +0000

Billions live in environments that violate human rights Yvaine Ye Thu, 11/06/2025 - 09:02

Yvaine Ye

More than 99% of the world’s 7.7 billion people have one or more of their environmental rights threatened, according to new research.

In the most comprehensive analysis of inequality in environmental conditions to date, CU ��ý�� researchers revealed that nearly half of the global population lives in regions facing three or more environmental problems. Those include polluted air, unsafe water, extreme heat, food insecurity and biodiversity loss.

The analysis was published September 25 in Environmental Research Communications.

It provides strong evidence for urgent climate action, as representatives from nearly 200 countries prepare to convene for the 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30), the United Nations’ annual climate meeting, in Brazil beginning November 10.

“Over the years, communities around the world have been fighting for local environmental justice,” said first author Naia Ormaza-Zulueta, a postdoctoral researcher in the Better Planet Lab at CU ��ý��. “We want to stitch their stories into a single, undeniable global tapestry so that they can’t be dismissed as isolated problems.”

In 2022, the UN formally recognized that everyone on the planet has the right to a healthy environment. The landmark resolution, while urging countries to take action to protect that right for their people, is not legally binding.

The resolution also failed to account for environmental harm caused by activities in other countries, said Ormaza-Zulueta, who's also a researcher at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Extensive research has shown that large, industrialized nations, such as the United States, emit the most greenhouse gases, but lower-income countries experience the greatest impacts.

Credit: Naia Ormaza-Zulueta and Zia Mehrabi/CU ��ý��

Pollution without borders

Ormaza-Zulueta and Zia Mehrabi, a data scientist in the Department of Environmental Studies and founder of the Better Planet Lab, wanted to put a number on how many people have had their environmental rights threatened.

They collected large datasets on environmental problems to calculate whether an individual in a given location around the world is experiencing, or has recently experienced, conditions that violated their rights in five core areas defined by the UN: clean air, clean water, a safe climate, healthy and sustainably produced food, and thriving biodiversity and ecosystems.

The team found that almost everyone on Earth lived in places that have recently experienced at least one environmental risk that failed to meet the UN conditions. Over 45%, or 3.4 billion people, had at least three rights threatened, and1.25%, or 95 million experienced all five conditions.

“The numbers are heartbreaking,” said Ormaza-Zulueta.

Naia Ormaza-Zulueta

Having access to clean air, defined as an annual average outdoor particulate matter concentration below the World Health Organization guideline, was the most common threat, followed by access to healthy and sustainably produced food.

In Colorado, a study has revealed that ozone pollution, mainly from cars, and oil and gas operations, causes more than 800 deaths each year.

“A lot of people think ��ý�� has great air quality for being so close to the mountains,” said Mehrabi. “But the reality is that our ozone level is high for multiple months during the summer. There are days when the air quality is so bad that our children can’t play outside.”

Hotspots of injustice

While most people are at risk of poor environmental conditions, not everyone feels the same impact. Consistent with previous research, disadvantaged populations, such as those with lower incomes, those who are displaced and those living on Indigenous lands, are far more likely to experience poor air quality, limited access to clean water and excessive heat than the rest of the population.

Those living in wealthier areas usually experience the best environmental conditions and are more likely to escape the worst impact as climate change progresses.

Internationally, several environmental impact hotspots stood out in the study: South Asia, for example, contains 41% of all people living with all five threats to environmental rights, despite making up only one-fifth of the world’s population.

Much of the poor environmental conditions around the globe result from the activities of wealthy nations, the study found. For instance, pollution from the United States is responsible for 12,000 deaths from poor air quality in India each year and 38,000 deaths in China. Meanwhile, emissions from the 27 countries in the European Union have made extreme weather events 1.8 times more likely in Southeast Africa and the Amazon rainforest.

Zia Mehrabi (Credit: Patrick Campbell/CU ��ý��)

“No matter where we live, our rights are inherently connected to those of people in other parts of the world,” Ormaza-Zulueta said. She added that the large demand for products in the United States and Europe has caused biodiversity loss and deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. The resulting global warming and increased frequency of extreme weather events are felt around the world.

“An unstable environment destabilizes our society,” Mehrabi said. “There is already a lot of fear in the United States and elsewhere about conflict, immigration, and other signs of instability. Environmental issues are only going to make them worse.”

Even though the statistics are bleak, Mehrabi said they don’t tell the whole story. In addition to the five core categories, many people are at risk of other poor conditions that were not measured, such as exposure to toxins released from mining and plastic waste.

“There are many solutions to these environmental problems we’re facing now, from responsible clean energy to a more sustainable and just supply chain. We need strong policies that encourage businesses to adopt these solutions,” Mehrabi said.

Mehrabi pointed to due diligence laws in countries such as the Netherlands, France, and Germany, which require domestic companies to uphold human rights across their global operations. He said other nations need to follow suit.

The team hopes this study can empower communities and lawyers working on environmental rights issues.

“By showing how these injustices are happening across the world, deniers can no longer dismiss the polluted river here or dirty air there as anecdotes. This can be a critical tool for pushing for policy changes,” Ormaza-Zulueta said.

A global analysis found that almost everyone on Earth experiences at least one poor environmental condition, with the greatest burdens falling on low-income and Indigenous communities.

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Almost everyone on Earth experiences at least one poor environmental condition. (Credit: Yogendra Singh/Pexels)

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Almost everyone on Earth experiences at least one poor environmental condition. (Credit: Yogendra Singh/Pexels)

Long-term surface observations reveal clouds play key role in Arctic winter warming

Megan M Rogers — Tue, 04 Nov 2025 22:10:27 +0000

Long-term surface observations reveal clouds play key role in Arctic winter warming Megan M Rogers Tue, 11/04/2025 - 15:10

CIRES

Ground-based measurements from Alaska's North Slope offer a new perspective on how changing Arctic clouds impact rising temperatures on Earth's surface.

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Antarctic glacier retreated faster than any other in modern history

Megan M Rogers — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 17:55:57 +0000

Antarctic glacier retreated faster than any other in modern history Megan M Rogers Mon, 11/03/2025 - 10:55

Findings show the unprecedented speed of retreat is similar to the dramatic glacier retreats that occurred at the end of the last ice age.

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Climate & Environment

Curbing climate change would also reduce harmful air pollutants, saving millions of lives

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Wind tunnel research could help predict how wildfires spread

Teasing apart the elements of wildfire

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